Introduction to Modal Testing • Applications of Modal Testing • Modes of Stretched String • Modes of a Rail Car • Theoretical Approach • Basic Components of Measurement System • Fixturing for Impedance and Modal Testing • Exciting a Structure Impulsively (Hammer) • Modal Testing Hammer Calibration • Structural Dynamic Relationships • Basic Components of Measurement System • Mounting of Sensors--for Modal Testing • Finite Element Analysis (FEA) • The FEA Model • Degrees of Freedom • Nodes and Elements • The Element Shape Function • General Analysis Considerations • Linear vs. Nonlinear Analysis • General Steps of the Finite Element Method • Engineering Applications of the Finite Element Method • Warning: The Computed Answer May Be Wrong • Example • Finite Element Simulation • Digital Image Correlation